Externalities & Lifecycle Displacement

Maps the major vectors of the used vehicle export trade and documents the emissions, safety, and regulatory standards that vehicles bypass when they cross from high-income to low-income regulatory environments.

Introduces the Scrappage Displacement Ratio and applies it to the 2009 US Cash for Clunkers programme, showing that the domestic CO₂ savings were largely offset by import surges of equivalent vehicle classes into neighbouring markets.

A three-part forensic series introducing the Displacement-Adjusted Job Count (DAJC) metric to demonstrate that EV transition investment announcements systematically overcount job creation by excluding the drivetrain supply chain displacement they create.

A four-part forensic series introducing the Battery Break-Even Mileage metric and applying it to expose the grid-dependent, chemistry-dependent, and degradation-adjusted arithmetic that point-of-sale EV claims systematically omit.

Examines the institutional, industrial, and political economy reasons why BBM remains absent from every consumer-facing metric, subsidy framework, and legislative instrument — and what would change if it were required.

Examines the gap between collective bargaining agreements and the economic geography of EV supply chains, and the structural limits of just transition frameworks in protecting workers outside direct OEM employment.

Shows how capacity fade over charge cycles increases the effective EV operational carbon per km, progressively extending BBM beyond its point-of-sale calculation — a dynamic effect no certification standard accounts for.

Applies the DAJC formula to four documented EV transition cases to produce the net job displacement figure that investment announcements systematically omit.

Introduces the Battery Break-Even Mileage formula and applies it to five national grids and three battery chemistries, producing the matrix that inverts the universal 'EVs are always greener' claim.

Introduces the Drivetrain Labour Intensity Ratio and constructs the DAJC formula by tracing the labour content of ICE and EV drivetrains through the tiered supply chain.