Data Centers

Every technology density milestone — from vacuum tubes to 2nm chips, from jet engines to EV battery packs — has been gated not by the brilliance of the design but by the unglamorous physics of heat removal.

Traces 80 years of jet engine efficiency improvement, showing that every breakthrough circles back to the same constraint: turbine inlet temperature versus the thermal limits of available materials.

Examines the 15°C comfort zone of lithium-ion battery operation and what happens at thermal margins — in the Arizona summer and the Norwegian winter — for EV range performance.

Applies cooling constraint analysis to AI data centre scaling, showing that the binding limit on trillion-dollar compute ambitions is not lithography chemistry or chip economics but the physics of cooling a building-sized computer.

Traces how heat extraction became the true pacemaker of the computing revolution — from vacuum tube thermal envelopes to the thermal ceiling of modern nanometre-scale silicon.